Airborne bacteria associated with particulate matter from a highly urbanised metropolis: A potential risk to the population’s health

• The airborne bacteria of Mexico City are representative of urban environments. • Particle material<10 µm influenced the type and quantity of airborne bacteria. • The diversity and richness of bacteria were higher in the rainy season. • The emission & transport of airborne bacteria determine the atmosphere’s microbiome. • Bacterias as Kocuria, Paracoccus, and Staphylococcus were in the air of Mexico City. Bacteria in the air present patterns in space and time produced by different sources and environmental factors. Few studies have focused on the link between airborne pathogenic bacteria in densely populated cities, and the risk to the population’s health. Bacteria associated with particulate matter (PM) were monitored from the air of Mexico City (Mexico). We employed a metagenomic approach to characterise bacteria using the 16S rRNA gene. Airborne bacteria sampling was carried out in the north, centre, and south of Mexico City, with different urbanisation rates, during 2017. Bacteria added to the particles were sampled using high-volume PM₁₀ samplers. To ascertain significant differences in bacterial diversity between zones and seasons, the Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon tests were done on alpha diversity parameters. Sixty-three air samples were collected, and DNA was sequenced using next-generation sequencing. The results indicated that the bacterial phyla in the north and south of the city were Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, while in the central zone there were more Actinobacteria. There were no differences in the alpha diversity indices between the sampled areas. According to the OTUs, the richness of bacteria was higher in the central zone. Alpha diversity was higher in the rainy season than in the dry season; the Shannon index and the OTUs observed were higher in the central zone in the dry season. Pathogenic bacteria such as Kocuria, Paracoccus, and Micrococcus predominated in both seasonal times, while Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, and Nocardioides were found during the rainy season, with a presence in the central zone.     

基于CTC-流式细胞仪活性细菌总数的快速检测技术研究

以大肠杆菌作为研究对象,建立一种5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride(CTC)染色结合流式细胞仪(CTC-FCM)的方法,以选择性检测水环境中具有代谢活性的细菌总数.该方法的原理是细菌与具有氧化还原性的染料CTC发生反应,形成红色荧光物质,被流式细胞仪特异性识别进而可选择性检测活性菌.研究结果表明,CTC染色的最佳反应条件为:CTC浓度为2 mmol·L-1、37℃避光孵育3h.该方法最低检测限为103个·mL-1.通过比较培养法和CTC-FCM方法检测热灭活后的大肠杆菌,结果表明CTC-FCM方法可准确区分活性菌和灭活菌,且与培养法之间具有较好的线性关系(R2=0.9465).应用CTC-FCM方法检测实际样品,结果显示该方法与培养法之间有较好的线性关系(R2=0.8121).本研究建立的CTC-FCM方法可满足饮用水水质标准需求,且检测时间比平板培养法缩短20～40 h,可以用于环境水样中活性细菌总数检测.     

低能离子诱变产表面活性剂的烃降解菌研究

为有效治理石油污染土壤,从长期遭受石油污染的土壤中筛选出一株烃降解菌8-11作为出发菌,利用低能N+注入烃降解菌进行诱变,在能量为20 keV、剂量为90×2.6×1013ions/cm2条件下筛选出一株高效烃降解菌——诱变菌23。原油摇瓶发酵实验表明诱变菌对原油的降解率达到74%;降解后原油的全烃气相色谱图显示,经过7 d的作用,原油中的正构烷烃完全降解。诱变菌23能够产生大量的生物表面活性物质,傅里叶红外光谱分析表明其产生的生物活性物质为糖脂类化合物,该糖脂类生物表面活性剂能使发酵液的表面张力从空白对照的56.1 mN/m降低为29.3 mN/m。研究表明诱变菌23具有较高的烃降解能力,能有效降低表面张力,具有较大的应用潜力。     

低温下活性污泥膨胀的微生物群落结构研究

采用水质参数指标测定和高通量测序技术,探讨了郑州某污水处理厂冬季间歇性污泥膨胀机制.结果表明该厂活性污泥的污泥容积指数(SVI值)的变化与季节温度变化有显著的负相关性,1~4月及12月易发生污泥膨胀,但是不影响出水水质.高通量测序技术分析发现污泥膨胀月份泥样的微生物群落结构要显著不同于未膨胀月份.该厂发生丝状菌污泥膨胀的优势丝状菌为腐螺旋菌科Saprospiraceae和黄杆菌科Flavobacterium.因此,低温导致活性污泥微生物群落结构变化是引起该厂活性污泥膨胀的原因.     

利用亚硝酸盐的反硝化除磷菌及影响因素

反硝化聚磷菌(DPB)是一类能够在厌氧状态下释磷,缺氧存在硝酸盐(NO3-)或亚硝酸盐(NO2-)的情况下聚磷,并同时反硝化的聚磷菌。实验证明:传统A2/O工艺缺氧段污泥确实存在利用亚硝酸盐的反硝化聚磷菌,PO、PON和PONO各占聚磷菌的40.7%、38.5%,20.8%。最佳的进水C/N/P为16∶4∶1且COD<200mg/L;pH值为7～7.5。聚磷菌在ORP<-80mV开始吐磷,在ORP值在-150mV左右能较好地吐磷,投加亚硝盐使ORP>-80mV,开始反硝化聚磷。     

染料活性艳红X-3B的微生物脱色研究

实验研究了以葡萄糖为外加碳源、由酵母膏提供氮源时不同的影响条件下紫色非硫光合细菌的混合菌种对染料活性艳红X-3B的脱色效果。结果表明,随着葡萄糖浓度的增大,脱色率反而下降;酵母膏的浓度对脱色效果影响很大,它在脱色过程中起到氮平衡的作用;当葡萄糖和酵母膏的浓度分别为0.125%和0.3%时,X-3B的脱色效果最佳。所选实验条件下,染料浓度在500mg/L以下X-3B脱色效果很好,对菌种没有明显的抑制作用;染料浓度在500～1000mg/L之间变化时,虽然对菌种有抑制作用,染料最终仍能完全脱色。温度在30℃时,pH在3～10范围内染料均有较好的脱色效果。     

嗜热硫酸盐还原菌的分离及生长影响因素研究

从油田污水中分离得到一株嗜热硫酸盐还原菌,并研究了该菌株的形态生理特性,探讨了碳源、还原剂、pH和温度对该菌株的生长和硫酸盐还原能力影响。结果表明:该菌株为革兰氏阳性杆菌,最适合碳源为柠檬酸钠,在加入了硫代硫酸钠作为还原剂的培养基中生长较好,最适合生长pH为中性,最适生长温度为60℃。在最适条件下培养,2d后培养基变黑,菌株的生长在3d后达到最大值,硫化氢的生成在4d后达到最大值。     

杀灭硫酸盐还原菌的药剂复配与杀菌效果研究

将杀菌剂A与B进行复配,测定各个不同复配比例的最低杀灭浓度,得知,当A∶B=10∶1时,对耐药型SRB的杀菌效果最好,也好于单独使用ME、BQ3和1227的杀菌效果。把按照A:B=10:1的比例配成的药剂记为JH1杀菌剂。再将杀菌剂A与B进行复配,得出杀菌效果最好的配比JH2(A∶B=20∶1)。对比JH1和JH2可知,杀灭培养基和现场水样中的具有耐药性或非耐药性的游离和固着型SRB,JH1均优于JH2。     

FECAL‐INDICATOR BACTERIA IN STREAMS ALONG A GRADIENT OF RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT1

ABSTRACT: Fecal‐indicator bacteria were sampled at 14 stream sites in Anchorage, Alaska, USA, as part of a study to determine the effects of urbanization on water quality. Population density in the subbasins sampled ranged from zero to 1,750 persons per square kilometer. Higher concentrations of fecal‐coliform, E. coli, and enterococci bacteria were measured at the most urbanized sites. Although fecal‐indicator bacteria concentrations were higher in summer than in winter, seasonal differences in bacteria concentrations generally were not significant. Areas served by sewer systems had significantly higher fecal‐indicator bacteria concentrations than did areas served by septic systems. The areas served by sewer systems also had storm drains that discharged directly to the streams, whereas storm sewers were not present in the areas served by septic systems. Fecal‐indicator bacteria concentrations were highly variable over a two‐day period of stable streamflow, which may have implications for testing of compliance to water‐quality standards.     

莱州湾近岸海域中典型抗生素与抗性细菌分布特征及其内在相关性

为了揭示海陆衔接区环境中抗生素与抗性细菌分布特征及其内在相关性,以莱州湾及其主要入海河流为研究区域,利用HPLC-MS/MS分析样品中15种磺胺类抗生素(SAs)和6种喹诺酮类抗生素(QNs)的浓度,并通过改良的Method 1604(US EPA)评估海水与沉积物中2种典型水传病原微生物大肠杆菌(E.coli)与金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)的抗生素抗性水平,进而探讨该区域水体中抗性菌株的分布特点以及微生物抗性率与相应抗生素浓度的相关性。结果显示,莱州湾水体与沉积物中普遍存在磺胺与喹诺酮类抗生素残留及抗性污染问题。两大类抗生素在水体中平均残留浓度分别为3.89 ng·L~(-1)(SAs)和234.68ng·L~(-1)(QNs),在沉积物中分别为0.91 ng·g~(-1)(SAs)和49.37 ng·g~(-1)(QNs),且分布特征基本呈现自河流向海洋逐渐递减的趋势,说明河流输入是莱州湾抗生素污染的主要来源。在水体中,具有磺胺类抗性的E.coli和S.aureus平均检出量分别达到2 018和4 683 CFU·L~(-1),抗性率范围分别在0%~37.3%和10.6%~45.8%之间;而2种喹诺酮类抗性病原微生物的平均检出量则相对较低,分别为1 315 CFU·L~(-1)(E.coli)和1 461 CFU·L~(-1)(S.aureus),抗性率分别为0%~50.0%和0%~20.8%;此外,相比于E.coli,S.aureus为沉积物中的主要抗性病原微生物,磺胺与喹诺酮类抗性S.aureus检出率均高于80%,平均检出量分别为24CFU·g~(-1)和18 CFU·g~(-1)。相关性分析表明,莱州湾近岸海域水体中磺胺类抗生素浓度与磺胺类抗性微生物总量之间具有良好的线性关系,然而其与微生物抗性率之间并未表现出相似的规律,说明近岸海洋环境中抗生素的残留量不是影响抗性菌株丰度的唯一因素。